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TheraTogs Medical References
References Pertaining to TheraTogs Precursors: Elasticized Garments and Joint Supports
Blair E, Ballantyne J, Horsman S, Chauvel P. (1995) A study of a dynamic proximal stability splint in the management of children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 37:544-554. [The Upsuit is a custom-made, Lycra trunk and extremity suit. Significant effect on postural stability and UE movement, and carry-over were noted. Advocated particularly for athetoid and dystonic subjects. Authors limit garment wear to 6 hours/day to avoid dependence on it.]
Chauvel PJ, Horsman S, Ballantyne J, Blair E. 1993. Lycra splinting and the management of cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. May;35(5): 456-457. Letter.
Gracies JM, Marosszeky JE, Renton R, et al. (2000) Short-term effects of dynamic lycra splints on upper limb in hemiplegic patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 81(12):1547-55. [“Lycra garments, designed to produce continuous stretch of spastic muscles when worn for several hours each day, have rapid splinting and antispastic effects on wrist and fingers in patients with hemiplegia. These garments may help severely affected patients with major spasticity or painful swollen limbs.”]
Gracies JM, Fitzpatrick R, Wilson L, Burke D, Gandevia SC (1997) Related Articles, Lycra garments designed for patients with upper limb spasticity: mechanical effects in normal subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 78(10):1066-71.
Harris SR. 1996. A study of a dynamic proximal stability splint in the management of children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. Feb; 38(2):181-183. Comment on Blair et al’s article (same title) in 1995.
Hylton N, Allen C. (1997) The development and use of SPIO Lycra compression bracing in children with neuromotor deficits. Pediatr Rehabil. 1(2): 109-116.
Jerosh J, Schmidt K, Prymka M. (1997) Proprioceptive capacities of patients with retropatellar knee pain with special reference to effectiveness of an elastic knee bandage. Unfallchirurg 100(9): 719-723. [In German] [The bandage improved proprioception in the injured knees.]
Hanger HC, Whitewood P, Brown G, Ball MC, Harper J, Cox R, Sainsbury R. 2000. A randomized controlled trial of strapping (taping?) to prevent post-stroke shoulder pain. Clin Rehabil. Aug;14(4):370-380. [ 98 subjects participated (49 strapped, 49 controls). The presence of neglect or sensory loss, but not subluxation, at baseline was independently associated with poor outcome. ... Range of movement in the hemiplegic shoulder is lost very early and any preventive treatments need to begin within the first 1-2 days after a stroke.]
Marcus RL, Sands WA, Nicholson DE. (2001) The effects of compression garments on movement function in motor impaired children. Poster presentation – Gait and Clinical Movement Analysis Society – Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA. April. [Author used gait analysis to detect effects of wearing compression garments on kinematics and kinetics of gait and of single limb stance phase. No significant effect was reported. No motion-altering strapping was used in this study.]
Morin L, Bravo G. (1997) Strapping the hemiplegic shoulder: a radiographic evaluation of its efficacy to reduce subluxation. Physiotherapy Canada Spring: 103-112. [Authors compared typical sling with elastic adhesive taping for 15 patients with shoulder subluxation, 5 days each, and then combined them. The two supports combined were most effective.]
Nicholson JH, Morton RE, Attfield S, Rennie D. (2001) Assessment of upper limb function and movement in children with cerebral palsy wearing lycra garments. Dev Med Child Neurol. 43: 384-391. [Functional gains from increased proximal stability were often outweighed by inconvenience of donning and doffing and loss of independence.]
Nuzzo RM. (1980) Dynamic bracing: elastics for patients with cerebral palsy. muscular dystrophy, and myelodysplasia. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 148: 263-270. [An inspiration for the development of TheraTogs™ strapping systems, this review article presents an assortment of joint alignment and movement aids using neoprene straps.]
Paleg G, Hubbard S, Brite E, O’Donnell K. (1999) Dynamic Trunk Splints and Hypotonia. Phys Ther Case Rep 2(3):122-124. (May)
Paleg G. (1997) Improving function with dynamic trunk splints. Advance for Phys Ther 8(48):34. December 1 issue. [Author describes Second Skin’s “Upsuit” and BENIK’s neoprene splint.]
Perlau R, Frank C, Fick G. (1995) The effect of elastic bandages on human knee proprioception in the uninjured population. Am J Sports Med. 23(2):251-252. [Improvement was significant for the duration or wear, and was related to pre-wrapping knee angle test performance.]
Rennie DJ, Attfield SF, Morton RE, Polak FJ, Nicholson J. (2000) An evaluation of lycra garments in the lower limb using 3-D gait analysis and functional assessment (PEDI). Gait Posture 12(1):1-6. [Whole body lycra garments were assessed in 8 children using gait analysis, the PEDI, and a questionnaire of parental acceptance. Seven of the children had CP and one Duchennes MD. After initial assessment and fitting of the garment, there was a 2-week introduction period followed by 6 weeks of wearing the garment for at least 6 h every day, following which they were re-assessed. The root mean square error (RMSE) was used as a measure of variability over 3 separate passes through the gait laboratory and was a reference figure for gait stability. Proximal stability around the pelvis improved for 5 children and distal stability improved for 3. 5children improved in at least one aspect of the PEDI scale. Although the parents and children detected these improvements, they did not outweigh the disadvantages of wearing the suit and as a consequence only 1 out of 8 families considered continuing with the lycra garment. KEY RESOURCE!!]
References on Related Topics - Skeletal Modeling, Muscle Pathophysiology and Pathokinesiology, Strengthening, Motor Growth Curves for CP
Allan DA. (1998) Structure and physiology of joints and their relationship to repetitive strain injuries. Clin.Orthop. Rel. Res. 351: 32-38.
Berger W, Quintern J, Dietz V.(1982) Pathophysiol. of gait in children with cerebral palsy. Electromyog Cl Neurophys 53:538-548.
Bleck EE. (1982) Developmental orthopaedics. III: Toddlers. Dev Med Child Neurol. 24:533-555.
Bly L. (1994) Motor Skills Acquisition in the First Year: An Illustrated Guide to Normal Development. San Antonio, Texas: Therapy Skill Builders. [Key resource for treatment planning with or without TheraTogs.]
Bravard S, Diehl D, Hogan A, Moeding J, Wallace M. (1997) The effectiveness of inhibitory taping of the upper trapezius muscle during a functional reach as determined by electromyography. Phys Ther 77(5): s-29. [Abstract] [Authors found reduced EMG output for both shoulder shrug and shoulder forward flexion in all 37 PT student subjects.]
Carey JR, Burghardt TP. (1993) Movement dysfunction following central nervous system lesions: a problem of neurologic or muscular impairment? Phys. Ther. 73(8):538-547.
Carter DR, Orr TE, Fyhrie DB, Schurman DJ. (1987) Influences of mechanical stress on prenatal and postnatal skeletal development. Clin Orthop. 219:237-250.
Carter DR, Wong M. (1990) Mechanical stresses in joint morphogenesis and maintenance. In V.C. Mow, A. Ratcliffe, S.L.Y. Woo (Eds.): Biomechanics of the Diarthrodial Joints, Volume 2, 155-174. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
Carter DR, Wong M, Orr TE. (1991) Musculoskeletal onotgeny, phylogeny, and functional adaption. J Biomech. 24(1):3-16.
Crelin ES, Netter FH, Estler IA. (1981) Clinical Symposia: Development of the Musculoskeletal System.- Volume 33(1). Summit, NJ: Medical Education Division, CIBA.
Cusick B. (2000) Lower Extremity Musculoskeletal Development – Orthopedic Interventions for Pediatric Patients - Home Study Course Monograph #10.2.1. Wadsworth C, Editor. Published by the Orthopedic Section, American Physical Therapy Association. LaCrosse, Wisconsin. PH: (800) 444-3982.
Cusick B. (1990) ProgressiveCasting and Splinting for Lower Extremity Deformities in Children with Neuromotor Dysfunction. San Antonio, TX: Therapy Skill Builders/ Psychological Corporation.
Damiano DL, Abel MF, Vaughan CL. (1995). Muscle strengthening in normal and pathological gait. Biomech. July-August:81-83.
Dodd KJ, Taylor NF, Damiano DL. (2002) A systematic review of the effectiveness of strength-training programs for people with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil . Aug;83(8):1157-1164.
Engsberg JR, Olree KS, Ross SA, Park TS. (1998) Maximum active resultant knee joint torques in children with cerebral palsy. J Appl Biiomech. 14: 52-61.
Ferdjallah M, Harris GF, Smith P, Wertsch JJ. (2002) Analysis of postural control synergies during quiet standing in healthy children and children with cerebral palsy. Clin Biomech 17(3):203-210.
[ RELEVANCE: This study identifies the significance of body transverse rotation control contribution in upright posture. Children with cerebral palsy with relatively poor ankle control demonstrate the importance of body transverse rotation for postural stability.
Frankel VH, Nordin M. (1980) Biomechanics of whole bones and bone tissue. In V.H. Frankel, M. Nordin: Basic Biomechanics of the Skeletal System. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.
Frost HM. (1990) Skeletal structural adaptations to mechanical usage (SATMU): 4. Mechanical influences on intact fibrous tissues. Anat Rec. 226:433-439. [ Melding fact and inference, HMF proposes that growth in length of tendon, ligament and fascia responds to circulating systemic rather than mechanical factors. However, growth in thickness/stiffness responds to tension loads beyond the typical. Maintenance mechanisms repair microdamage and prevent gradual stretching (creep compensation). Key resource !]
Frost HM. (1986) Intermediary Organization of the Skeleton, vol. I and II. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
Fung YC. (1990) Biomechanical aspects of growth and tissue engineering. In Y.C. Fung: Biomechanics; Motion, Flow, Stress, and Growth, 499-545. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
Gajdosik CG, Gajdosik RL. (2000) Musculoskeletal development and adaptation. In S.K. Campbell (Ed.): Physical Therapy for Children, 117-140. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. [KEY RESOURCE!]
Green EM, Mulcahy CM, Pountney TE. (1995) An investigation into the development of early postural control. Dev Med Child Neurol. 37:437-448.
Guidera LJ, Ganey TM, Keneally CR, Ogden JA. (1994) The embryology of lower-extremity torsion. Clin Orthop. 302:17-21.
Hamill J, Knutzen KM. (1995) Skeletal considerations for movement. In J. Hamill and K.M. Knutzen: Biomechanical Basis of Human Movement, 36-69. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
Harris MB, Simons CJR, Ritchie SK, Mullett MD, Myerberg DZ. (1990) Joint range of motion development in premature infants. PediatrPhys Ther. 2(4):185-191.
Heimkes B, Posel P, Plitz W, Jansson V. (1993) Forces acting on the juvenile hip joint in the one-legged stance. J Pediatr Orthop. 13(4)431-436.
Hensinger RN, Jones ET. (1982) Developmental orthopaedics I: the lower limb. Dev Med Child Neurol. 24:95-116.
Heriza CB. (1988) Comparison of leg movements in preterm infants at term with healthy full-term infants. Phys Ther. 68(11):1687-1693.
Host HH. (1995) Scapular taping in the treatment of anterior shoulder impingement. Phys Ther 75(9): 803-812.
Hsu RWW, Himeno S, Coventry MB, Chao EYS. (1990) Normal axial alignment of the lower extremity and load-bearing distribution at the knee. Clin Orthop. 255:215-227.
Jensen JL, Thelen E, Ulrich B. (1989) Constraints on multi-joint movements: from the spontaneity of infancy to the skill of adults. Reaction to G.J. van Ingen Schenau (1989). Human Movement Sci. 8:393-402.
Jensen RK. (1993) Human morphology: its role in the mechanics of movement. J Biomech. 26, Suppl. 1:84-91. [Concerns the making of age-related, and therefore more relevant, biomechanical models.]
Johnson MP, McClure PW, Karduna AR. (2001) New method to assess scapular upward rotation in subjects with shoulder pathology. J Orthop SportsPhys Ther 31(2):81-89. [Authors used a modified digital inclinometer, and found good to excellent validity.]
Kerem M, Livanelioglu A, Topcu M. 2001. Effects of Johnstone pressure splints combined with neurodevelopmental therapy on spasticity and cutaneous sensory inputs in spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. May;43(5):307-13. [... Improvements in passive ROM in the treatment group were significantly higher than the control group except in hip abduction and external rotation (p<0.05). MAS scores of the treatment group were significantly higher than the control group (p<0.05). SEP values increased in both groups but values of the treatment group were significantly higher than the control group (p<0.05).]
Kramer JF, MacPhail HEA. (1994). Relationships among measures of walking efficiency, gross motor ability, and isokinetic strength in adolescents with cerebral palsy. Pediatric Phys. Ther. 6(1):3-8.
Lacey JL, Henderson-Smart DJ, Edwards DA. (1990) A longitudinal study of early leg postures of preterm infants. Dev Med Child Neurol. 32:151-163.
LeVeau B. (1980) Developmental biomechanics and the principles of growth. In J. Wilson, L.A. Davis (Eds.): Orthopedic Aspects of Developmental Disabilities. Proceedings: May 18-20, 1978 symposium. Chapel Hill, NC: Div. PT, UNC at Chapel Hill.
LeVeau BF, Bernhardt DB. (1984) Effect of forces on the growth, development, and maintenance of the human body. Phys Ther. 64(12):1874-1882.
Martin RB. (1991) Determinants of the mechanical properties of bones. J Biomech. 24(Suppl. 1):79-88.
Martin RB, Burr DB. (1990) Structure, function, and adaptation of compact bone. J Biomech. 23(5):509-510.
Mastalgia FL. (1981) Growth and development of skeletal muscle. In: Davis JA, Dobbing J (Eds.): Scientific Foundations of Paediatrics, 590-620. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.
McCrea JD. (l985) Pediatric Orthopedics of The Lower Extremity: An Instructional Handbook. Mount Kisco, NY: Futura Publishing Co.
Oxnard CE. (1993) Bone and Bones, architecture and stress, fossils and osteoporosis. J Biomech. 26, Suppl.1, 63-79.
Pountney TE, Mulcahy C, Green E. (1990) Early development of postural control. Physiother. 76(12):799-802.
Pritchett JW. (1992) Longitudinal growth and growth-plate activity in the lower extremity. Clin Orthop. 275:274-279.
Radin EL, Fyhrie D. (1990) Joint physiology and biomechanics. In V. C. Mow, A. Ratcliffe, S L-Y Woo (Eds): Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints, Volume II, 369-384. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
Rose J, McGill KC. (1998) The motor unit in cerebral palsy. Devel Med Child Neurol. 40: 270-277. Annotated article.
Rosenbaum PL, Walter SD, Hanna SE, Palisano RJ, Russell DJ, Raina P, Wood E, Bartlett DJ, Galuppi BE. 2002. Prognosis for gross motor function in cerebral palsy: creation of motor development curves. JAMA. Sept 18;288(11):1357-63. [MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Severity of cerebral palsy, classified with the 5-level Gross Motor Function Classification System; function, formally assessed with the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM). RESULTS: Based on a total of 2632 GMFM assessments, 5 distinct motor development curves were created; these describe important and significant differences in the rates and limits of gross motor development among children with cerebral palsy by severity. There is substantial within-stratum variation in gross motor development.
CONCLUSIONS: Evidence-based prognostication about gross motor progress in children with cerebral palsy is now possible, providing parents and clinicians with a means to plan interventions and to judge progress over time. Further work is needed to describe motor function of adolescents with cerebral palsy. Key resource!]
Sasaki N, Enyo A. (1995) Viscoelastic properties of bone as a function of water content. J Biomech. 28(7):809-815.
Soderberg GL. (1986) Kinesiology: Application to Pathological Motion. Baltimore MD: Williams & Wilkins.
Staheli LT. (1990) The lower limb. In R.T. Morrissey (Ed.): Lovell and Winter'sPediatric Orthopedics, Third Edition, Volume Two, 741-766. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott.
Staheli LT, Corbett M, Wyss C, King H. (1985) Lower extremity rotational problems in children. J Bone Joint Surg 67A:39-44.
Tachdjian MO. (1990) Torsional (or rotational) deformities of the lower limbs. In Tachdjian MO (1990) Pediatric Orthopedics, second edition, Vol. 4. 2791-2876. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co.
Tate OJ, Damiano DL. (2002) Torque-EMG relationships in normal and spastic muscles. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. Sep;42(6):347-357.
Turner CH. (1992) On Wolff’s law of trabecular architecture. J Biomech. 25(1): 1-9.
Vandenburgh HH, Hatfaludy S, Karlisch P, Shansky J. (1991) Mechanically induced alterations in cultured skeletal muscle growth. J Biomech. 24:91-99. Supplement.
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2007-2008 TheraTogs, Inc. All Rights Reserved Telluride, Colorado USA
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